A new paper, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, provides a fresh insight into how unicellular organisms formed multicellular organisms, and how evolution began to effect the organism as a whole, rather than it’s constituent cells. This process is what eventually resulted in you sitting there reading this tumblr post.
Since evolution acts on individual cells, it pays off for a cell to be selfish. By hogging resources and hindering neighbours, a cell can increase the odds that more of its own genes get passed into the next generation. This logic is one of the reasons it has been challenging to imagine how multicellularity arose; it requires the subjugation of self-interest in favor of the group’s survival.
In the new paper, researchers at the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis used a simple but elegant technique to artificially select for multicellularity in yeast. They dumped unicellular yeast into a tube of liquid food and waited a few minutes for the cells to settle. Then they extracted the lowest fraction of the liquid and allowed whatever cells it contained to form the next generation. Because the cells had to cluster together in order to sink to the bottom and survive, the artificial selection made it more advantageous for yeast to cooperate than to be solitary.
After just 60 generations, all of the surviving yeast populations had formed snowflake-shaped multicellular clusters. “Hence we know that simple conditions are sufficient to select for multicellularity,” says biologist Michael Travisano, who led the research.
But at what point do the yeast become something more than a cluster of cells? When do they begin behaving as one organism?
In a true multicellular organism, such as a rabbit, evolution acts upon the rabbit and not upon each of the billions of cells that build it. So the researchers set out to determine whether artificial selection would act upon the snowflake yeast as if they too were multicellular organisms. To test it, one batch of the multicellular yeast was allowed only five minutes to settle in a tube (representing a strong selection pressure), while another batch was given 25 minutes (a weaker selection pressure). After 35 generations, the yeast that were exposed to stronger selection evolved to have larger cluster sizes, while those in the weak selection group actually shrank in size. This indicated that each cluster of cells was evolving as one organism.
In addition, time-lapse photography revealed that, in order to reproduce, the multicellular yeast divides itself into branches that develop into the multicellular form as well. The daughter clusters did not create their own offspring until they had reached a similar size as their parents. The presence of this juvenile stage shows that the snowflake yeast had adopted a multicellular way of life, says William Ratcliff, a postdoctoral student in Travisano’s lab.
(via tyrannoraptora)
